Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. d. both b and c. 2. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. Loss of appetite. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. They were ALL my fault. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. . These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Guilleminault et al. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. It is typically consumed in pill form. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. B) the cause of the problem. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). 3. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. Not able to pass stool or gas. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. . Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. 1. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). (credit: Laurie Avocado). Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep.