To establish other fixes on the localizer course. Click with mouse on the HSI to open menu to switch the CDI pointer to VOR. Overlay approaches do not adhere to the design criteria described in ENR 1.5 Paragraph 12.13, Area Navigation (RNAV) Instrument Approach Charts, for stand-alone GPS approaches. Pilots flying GPS- or WAAS-equipped aircraft that also have VOR/ILS avionics should be diligent to maintain proficiency in VOR and ILS approaches in the event of a GPS outage. The USCG also terminated the transmission of the Russian American signals on 01 Aug 2010, and the Canadian LORAN-C signals on 03 Aug 2010. !FDC FDC NAV WAAS VNAV/LPV MINIMA NOT AVBL, WAAS LP MINIMA MAY NOT BE AVBL 1306021200-1306031200EST, For unscheduled loss of signal or service, an example NOTAM is: !FDC FDC NAV WAAS NOT AVBL 1311160600- 1311191200EST. The NDBtransmits an omni-directional signal that is received by the ADF or Automatic Direction Finder, a standard instrument onboard aircraft. This transmitter could operate on 100kHz to 1500kHz with a power of 150W. It was used to send the submarine's location to other submarines or aircraft, which were equipped with DF receivers and loop antennas.[7]. Appendix 2. Although the identifier may be used at different airports (for example, RW36 will be the identifier at each airport with a runway 36), the actual point, at each airport, is defined by a specific latitude/longitude coordinate. A navigation system consisting of a non-directional beacon and a receiver that can receive signals within the low and medium frequency ranges. Systems Interface will be pleased to provide a budgetary quote for a modern, reliable trouble-free system. Marker beacons on ILS approaches are now being phased out worldwide with DME ranges or GPS signals used, instead, to delineate the different segments of the approach. Any suitable airport can be used to land in the event of a VOR outage. These facilities normally operate in a frequency band of 190 to 535 kilohertz (kHz), according to ICAO Annex 10 the frequency range for NDBs is between 190 and 1750 kHz, and transmit a continuous carrier with either 400 or 1020 hertz (Hz) modulation. These facilities normally operate in a frequency band of 190 to 535 kilohertz (kHz) According to International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO) Annex 10 the frequency range for NDBs is between 190 and 1750 kHz, and transmit a continuous carrier with either 400 or 1020 hertz (Hz) modulation The bearing from the station is the reciprocal - or 210. Aviation Radio Frequency Bands Within the VOR ILS shared frequency range, the allocated frequencies are as follows: VOR = EVEN 100 kHz numerals 108.00. On longer flights, pilots should consider rechecking the RAIM prediction for the destination during the flight. These rules ensure the safety of the operation by preventing a single point of failure. The FAA VOT transmits a test signal which provides a convenient means to determine the operational status and accuracy of a VOR receiver while on the ground where a, A radiated VOR test signal from an appropriately rated radio repair station serves the same purpose as an FAA VOR signal and the check is made in much the same manner as a. 1406070300-1406071200. Operating on the line-of-sight principle, Due to the limited number of available frequencies, assignment of paired frequencies is required for certain military noncollocated VOR and, Aircraft equipment which provides for automatic, For reasons peculiar to military or naval operations (unusual siting conditions, the pitching and rolling of a naval vessel, etc.) If an airborne checkpoint is not available, select an established VOR airway. . ADF equipment determines the direction or bearing to the NDB station relative to the aircraft by using a combination of directional and non-directional antennae to sense the direction in which the combined signal is strongest. To apply this relationship, the magnetic heading must be observed carefully when reading the Relative Bearing to the station. Similarly, the aircraft will track directly away from the NDB if the needle is maintained on the 180 degree mark. Mathematically, it can be described as follows: s (t) = [1 + M90 * sin (3car t) + M150 * sin (5t) ] cos (fund t) (1) The, Selective Availability. Instrument indications received beyond 35 degrees should be disregarded. T-ROUTES IN THIS SECTOR NOT AVBL. The FAA had begun decommissioning stand-alone NDBs. The owner/operator or representative of the repair station may accomplish the necessary checks in the aircraft and make a logbook entry stating the results. This page was last modified on 2 December 2021, at 12:30. Home; About WPC. For visual reference points, the angles of these lines can be determined by compass; the bearings of NDB radio signals are found using radio direction finder (RDF) equipment. Certified check points on the airport surface. The distances (radius) are the . These facilities normally operate in a frequency band of 190 to 535 kilohertz (kHz), according to ICAO Annex 10 the frequency range for. To use the GBAS GGF output and be eligible to conduct a GLS approach, the aircraft requires eligibility to conduct RNP approach (RNP APCH) operations and must meet the additional, specific airworthiness requirements for installation of a GBAS receiver intended to support GLS approach operations. "FAA Aeronautical Information Manual, 5-3-4. Identification is in Morse Code and consists of a three-letter identifier preceded by the letter I () transmitted on the localizer frequency. Make every effort to remain on the indicated glide path. Though currently unavailable, the FAA is updating its prediction tool software to provide this site-service in the future. Fixes are computed by extending lines through known navigational reference points until they intersect. When the needle reaches an RBI reading corresponding to the required bearing, then the aircraft is at the position. +44 (0)1483 267 066. In addition to serving as stand-alone primary instrument approaches at airports, NDBs are also used as Locator Outer Markers (LOM) for Instrument landing Systems (ILS). Each VFR waypoint name will appear in parentheses adjacent to the geographic location on the chart. When tracking to or from an NDB, it is also usual that the aircraft track on a specific bearing. Radio beacons are subject to disturbances that may result in erroneous bearing information. being vectored), the pilot should adhere to the clearance and ensure the aircraft intercepts the extended GLS final approach course within the specified service volume. Antenna location on the aircraft, satellite position relative to the horizon, and aircraft attitude may affect reception of one or more satellites. [11], International Civil Aviation Organization, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, international maritime distress (emergency) frequency. ATC may clear aircraft on procedures beyond the service volume when the controller initiates the action or when the pilot requests, and radar monitoring is provided. Leg transition normally occurs at the turn bisector for a fly-by waypoint (reference paragraph 1-2-1 for more on waypoints). Over or under banking the turn onto the final approach course may significantly delay getting on course and may result in high descent rates to achieve the next segment altitude. The promulgated range of an . To navigate using the ADF, the pilot enters the frequency of the NDB and the compass card (or arrow) on the ADF will indicate the heading to the station. All the NDB frequencies that are whole numbers are fine, such as 432, 320,529 ect ect. Similar information for the Pacific and Alaskan areas is contained in the Chart Supplements Pacific and Alaska. All air forces used them because they were relatively cheap to produce, easy to maintain and difficult to destroy by aerial bombing. VFR pilots should rely on appropriate and current aeronautical charts published specifically for visual navigation. 5Hand-held receivers require no approval. PANTSZER May 15, 2022, 12:32pm #2. As errors are . You can view our full privacy policy here, Control Tower Systems and Contingency Approach Facilities, Republic of Tajikistan (DME Installation), City of Derry Airport (VCS & ATIS Installation), Belfast International Airport (VCCS Replacement), Mattala Rajapaksa Airport (Navaids Installation), Romanian Air Administration (NBD Replacement), Doncaster Sheffield Airport (ILS Renewal), Doppler VHF Omni Directional Range (DVOR), Installation of Six En-Route DMEs throughout Tajikistan, Approach and En-Route Navaid Installations throughout Tunisia, Khujand Airport, Tajikistan - ILS/DME installation. To remain consistent with international terminology, the FAA will use the term GBAS in place of the former term Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS). However, with the UK wide DVOR rationalisation project underway, many DVOR guidance facilities will either be withdrawn or become unsupported, therefore an NDB will be the only means of navigating to Airports and conducting an approach for an aircraft not GPS equipped. The existing CPA runway is listed. The requirements for a second systemapply to the entire set of equipment needed to achieve the navigation capability, not just the individual components of the system such as the radio navigation receiver. Prior to any GPS IFR operation, the pilot must review appropriate, Further database guidance for terminal and en route requirements may be found in AC 90-100, U.S. Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (. Properly trained and approved, as required, TSO-C145 and TSO-C146 equipped users (WAAS users) with and using approved baro-VNAV equipment may plan for LNAV/VNAV DA at an alternate airport. Higher power systems from 500 to 1000 Watts are used for longer range applications. This prevents the pilot from being alerted to the loss of the required number of satellites in view, or the detection of a position error. The system operates in the medium frequency band, that is, 200 to 400 Kcs., however, . We are agents for Nautel of Canada who,for over 35 years, have provided the lowest cost of ownership by making reliable products and supporting them with the industry's best customer service. For this reason manufacturers are investing in the development of modern ultra reliable systems. Then all you need to do is to edit the XML to match what the RL airport has and add the XML code to your airport XML file in your project <ICAO>.XML. ANY REQUIRED ALTERNATE AIRPORT IN THIS AREA MUST HAVE AN APPROVED INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE OTHER THAN GPS THAT IS ANTICIPATED TO BE OPERATIONAL AND AVAILABLE AT THE ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL AND WHICH THE AIRCRAFT IS EQUIPPED TO FLY. In situations where RAIM is predicted to be unavailable, the flight must rely on other approved navigation equipment, re-route to where RAIM is available, delay departure, or cancel the flight. VOR (Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range) - VOR provides directional information to the pilot by using ground-based transmitters. A turn 60 to the left would place the pointer on the nose position. To do this it is necessary to correlate the RBI reading with the compass heading. All Rights Reserved. Prior to take off pilots should be aware that a heading misalignment may have occurred during taxi. Non Directional Beacons (NDB's) are used by aircraft for navigation purposes. Missed approach routings in which the first track is via a course rather than direct to the next waypoint require additional action by the pilot to set the course. [citation needed]. As the name implies, the signal transmitted does not include inherent directional information, in contrast to other navigational aids such as low frequency radio range, VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) and TACAN. Pilots may descend when established on-course on the next segment of the approach. For some navigation systems and operations, manual selection of scaling will be necessary. 2007-2023 Dauntless Aviation, all rights reserved Information provided via PilotNav comes from a variety of official and unofficial data sources. DO NOT attempt to fly a procedure that is NOTAMed out of service even if the identification is present. Heading, altitude, type of aircraft (make/model/call sign). !FDC FDC NAV WAAS VNAV/LPV/LP MINIMA MAY NOT BE AVBL 1306111330-1306141930EST Type of avionics/receivers in use (e.g., make/model/software series or version). An audible Morse Code call sign of one or more letters or numbers is used to identify the NDB being received. NDB's identify by sending their call letters in Morse code and usually consist of 2 or 3 letters (which quite often bear a . The NDB transmits an omni-directional signal that is received by the ADF or Automatic Direction Finder, a standard instrument onboard aircraft. The ADF needle turns to horizontal right position if there is no NDB signal detected. VFR waypoint names (for computer entry and flight plans) consist of five letters beginning with the letters VP and are retrievable from navigation databases. The FAA recognizes that non-GPS-based approaches will be reduced when VORs are eliminated, and that most airports with an instrument approach may only have GPS- or WAAS-based approaches. No other modification of database waypoints or the creation of user-defined waypoints on published. Allocated frequencies are 190KHz - 1750KHz. This information should be in the receiver operating manual. During IFR operations they may be considered only an aid to situational awareness. It uses a vertical dipole aerial. NDBs used for aviation are standardized by ICAO, the International Civil Aviation Organization, Annex 10 which specifies that NDB be operated on a frequency between 190 to 1800 kHz. [5], A bearing is a line passing through the station that points in a specific direction, such as 270 degrees (due west). Decoding Software Hobby Level Software NDBfinder Video Examples Signal waterfall recording Additional Links Southern Avionics: What is a NDB There is no plan to change the NAVAID and route structure in the WUSMA. This usage is important in situations where other navigational equipment, such as VORs with distance measuring equipment (DME), have failed. errors. The approach/departure must be retrievable from the current airborne navigation database in the navigation computer. Database Currency. The FAA has no sustaining or acquisition system for NDBs and plans to phase out the existing NDBs through attrition, citing decreased pilot reliance on NDBs as more pilots use VOR and GPS navigation. 108.05, 108.20. An audible Morse Code call sign of one or more letters or numbers is used to identify the NDB being received. If a dual system VOR (units independent of each other except for the antenna) is installed in the aircraft, one system may be checked against the other. Such disturbances result from factors such as lightning, precipitation static, etc. NDB stations are classified as either compass locators, medium homing, homing or high homing and are differentiated by their signal range. It is the pilot in command's responsibility to choose a suitable route for the intended flight and known conditions. In Canada, privately owned NDB identifiers consist of one letter and one number. 270-500kHz approximately). Offshore NDBs were first introduced in the early 1960s during early years of petroleum exploration in the Gulf of Mexico. NDBs typically operate in the frequency range from 190 kHz to 535kHz (although they are allocated frequencies from 190 to 1750kHz) and transmit a carrier modulated by either 400 or 1020Hz. Pilots operating an aircraft in controlled airspace under IFR shall comply with CFR , Immediately, by radio to the controlling ATC facility or. Pilots are encouraged to follow the manufacturer's or other appropriate procedures to correct possible heading misalignment before take off is commenced. Pilots encountering navigation error events should transition to another source of navigation and request amended clearances from ATC as necessary. All standard airways are plotted on aeronautical charts, such as the United States sectional charts, issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). For, Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). Reception of NDBs is also usually best during the fall and winter because during the spring and summer, there is more atmospheric noise on the LF and MF bands. Unreliable signals may be received outside of these areas. NDB are in contrast to directional radio beacons and other navigational aids, such as low-frequency radio range, VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) and tactical air navigation system (TACAN). 2007-2023 Dauntless Aviation, all rights reserved Information provided via PilotNav comes from a variety of official and unofficial data sources. Even though the TLS signal is received using the, The SCAT-I DGPS is designed to provide approach guidance by broadcasting differential correction to. For example, an airport with a DME-required ILS approach may be available and could be used by aircraft that are equipped with DME. If the cursory check of procedure logic or individual waypoint location, specified in [b] above, indicates a potential error, do not use the retrieved procedure or waypoint until a verification of latitude and longitude, waypoint type, and altitude constraints indicate full conformity with the published data. A flight crew, under these conditions, should advise the tower that it will conduct an autoland or coupled approach. VFR waypoints may not be used on IFR flight plans. The ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) is the receiver of the NDB's transmissions.The NDB (Nondirectional Radio Beacon) is the transmitting antenna on the ground. Sorry of this was covered somewhere else. This service is not provided by all radio repair stations. Once on the GLS final approach course, the pilot should ensure the aircraft is in the GLS approach mode prior to reaching the procedure's glidepath intercept point. Pilot observes any unexpected consequences (e.g., equipment failure, suspected spoofing, failure of other aircraft systems not identified in AFM, such as. NDBs transmit Omni-directional signals to an antenna on board the aircraft/ship. These radio waves are received at either medium or high frequencies. I have never seen an ADF whose frequency was above 500kHz. Airways are numbered and standardized on charts. Voice transmissions are made on radio beacons unless the letter W (without voice) is included in the class designator (HW). The principles of ADFs are not limited to NDB usage; such systems are also used to detect the locations of broadcast signals for many other purposes, such as finding emergency beacons. Since the relative positions of the satellites are constantly changing, prior experience with the airport does not guarantee reception at all times, and RAIM availability should always be checked. Pilots should be vigilant to see and avoid other traffic when near VFR waypoints. Compass locators transmit two-letter identification groups. Post flight pilot/maintenance actions taken. ENR 3.5, Paragraph 1. Normal service ranges for the various classes of VORs are given in GEN 3.4, TBL GEN 3.4-1, VOR/DME/TACAN Standard Service Volumes. Because of this, radio DXers interested in picking up distant signals enjoy listening to faraway NDBs. The VFR waypoint names are not intended to be pronounceable, and they are not for use in ATC communications. Turns the aircraft so that the station is directly off one of the wingtips. In the United States, an NDB is often combined with the outer marker beacon in the ILS approach (called a locator outer marker, or LOM); in Canada, low-powered NDBs have replaced marker beacons entirely. In order to ensure that a basic ATC system remains in operation despite an area wide or catastrophic commercial power failure, key equipment and certain airports have been designated to provide a network of facilities whose operational capability can be utilized independent of any commercial power supply. With the increased use of. The effectiveness of the VOR depends upon proper use and adjustment of both ground and airborne equipment. Vertical NDB antennas may also have a T-antenna, nicknamed a top hat, which is an umbrella-like structure designed to add loading at the end and improve its radiating efficiency. By telephone to the nearest ATC facility controlling the airspace where the disruption was experienced. Frank's NON DIRECTIONAL BEACONS (NDB) Page (Optimized for Mozilla 1.0 and Internet Explorer 6) Within the hobby of DX-ing (listening to distant [DX in telegraph lingo] radio stations) there are many challenges: Some people listen to radio-amateurs (Hams), others to broadcasting stations on Medium Wave, the tropical bands or shortwave, others again spend their time listening to utility . These antennas include loop and sense antenna which use bidirectional signals to identify the direction of the NDB 180 degrees apart (loop) and use nondirectional signals to determine which direction correctly locates the position of the ground station (sense). The Department of Defense (DOD) is responsible for operating the, GNSS operational status depends on the type of equipment being used. Higher power systems from 500 to 1000 Watts are used for longer range applications. The frequency band 960-1 164 MHz is planned for future air-ground . ***>; Mention ***@***. Non-directional beacons (NDBs) are ground-based radio transmitters used to aid and navigate vessels in aviation and marine applications during their approach. Limited to 14 CFR Part 121 or equivalent criteria. NDB antennas are usually too short for resonance at the frequency they operate typically perhaps 20metres length compared to a wavelength around 1000m. Therefore, they require a suitable matching network that may consist of an inductor and a capacitor to "tune" the antenna. Pilots may use the five-letter identifier as a waypoint in the route of flight section on a VFR flight plan. VHF) and band # per Radio Regulations They receive radio signals in the medium frequency band of 190 Khz to 1750 Khz. NDBs typically operate in the frequency range from 190 kHz to 535 kHz (although they are allocated frequencies from 190 to 1750 kHz) and transmit a carrier modulated by either 400 or 1020 Hz. As the adoption of satellite navigation systems such as GPS progressed, several countries began to decommission beacon installations such as NDBs and VOR. Disregard all glide slope signal indications when making a localizer back course approach unless a glide slope is specified on the approach and landing chart. 111.85 . They have continued to provide a fundamental and reliable means of aircraft navigation despite the arrival of GNSS and modern ground based systems. The carrier oscillation in the localizer frequency range is 108.00 MHz to 111.975 MHz modulated with a 90Hz and a 150Hz tone signal. What is an NDB or Non-Directional Beacon? ; to assure this is the case, Flight inspection organizations periodically check critical parameters with properly equipped aircraft to calibrate and certify NDB precision. Rohde Schwarz 46.1K subscribers 25K views 3 years ago Test & Measurement Fundamentals This video explains the practical and technical principles behind the signals used in ADF (automatic direction. ATC will promptly issue an advisory if the critical area will not be protected. During domestic operations for commerce or for hire, operators must have a second navigation system capable of reversion or contingency operations. Class C - GPS sensor data to an integrated navigation system (as in Class B) which provides enhanced guidance to an autopilot, or flight director, to reduce flight tech. [9], Airservices Australia began shutting down a number of ground-based navigation aids in May 2016, including NDBs, VORs and DMEs. Telephone: The runway threshold waypoint, normally the, The course into a waypoint may not always be 180 degrees different from the course leaving the previous waypoint, due to the. Exercise caution: avoid flying below the glide path to assure obstacle/terrain clearance is maintained. Search for: Menu Close. Pilots are urged to check for this modulation phenomenon prior to reporting a VOR station or aircraft equipment for unsatisfactory operation. International Civil Aviation Organization (2000). The SE125 Dual is a 125 Watt transmitter with a fully redundant automatic backup system. In addition to serving as stand-alone primary instrument approaches at airports, NDBs are also used as Locator Outer Markers (LOM) for Instrument landing Systems (ILS). The only positive method of identifying a VOR is by its Morse Code identification or by the recorded automatic voice identification which is always indicated by use of the word VOR following the range's name. Do not use waypoints which do not exactly match the spelling shown on published procedure charts. NDBs are often associated with Non-Precision Approach procedures. It is not recommended to use a moving map with an outdated database in and around critical airspace. The NDB transmitter emits a vertically polarised AM modulated carrier in the LF or MF band. NDB owners are mostly governmental agencies and airport authorities. However, NDB signals are also affected more by atmospheric conditions, mountainous terrain, coastal refraction and electrical storms, particularly at long range. The NDB is a ground-based transmitter situated in a ground station that broadcasts signals in all directions (omnidirectional). The aircraft will then fly directly to the NDB. "This prestigious and first of type project was delivered successfully and we would recommend SIL's services", We have placed cookies on your computer to help make this website better. For example, TSO-C129 systems change within 30 miles of destination and within 2 miles of FAF to support approach operations. Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) List 1/2020 April 2020 ( Maritime Matters, Robert Connolly ( RadioUser, April 2020: 47-49)) Freq Ident Location Country DXer 263.0 QY Sydney, NS Canada B 274.0 SAL Sal Cape Verde B D 276.0 YHR Chevery, QC Canada B 277.0 CHT Chiltern England B D E* 280.0 QX Gander (NL) Canada B 281.0 CA Cartwright, NL Canada B Many RMIs used for aviation also allow the device to display information from a second radio tuned to a VOR station; the aircraft can then fly directly between VOR stations (so-called "Victor" routes) while using the NDBs to triangulate their position along the radial, without the need for the VOR station to have a collocated distance measuring equipment (DME). Retaining a FMS-independent VOR capability would satisfy this requirement. Outer Markers designate the starting area of an ILs approach or flight path to follow for a standard terminal arrival or STAR procedure. Most pilots love their ADF since they can listen to AM. TLS ground equipment provides approach guidance for only one aircraft at a time. According to most ground based navigation aids, there are low power NDBs and high power NDBs. However, there is no requirement for databases to be updated for VFR navigation. Radio-navigation aids must keep a certain degree of accuracy, given by international standards, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), ICAO, etc. FIG ENR 4.1-4GLS Standard Approach Service Volume, TBL ENR 4.1-7RNP Levels Supported for International Operations, Projected for oceanic/remote areas where 30 NM horizontal separation is applied, Oceanic/remote areas where 50 NM horizontal separation is applied. The transmitters have a power of less than 25 watts, a range of at least 15 miles, and operate between 190 and 535 kHz. For further information on our NDBs (Non-Directional Beacons), please fill out enquiry form online or call our team on +44 (0)1483 267 066. Number of satellites being tracked, if applicable. For more information please click here, By continuing to use this site or closing this panel, we'll assume you're OK to continue. Aircraft holding below 5000 feet between the outer marker and the airport may cause localizer signal variations for aircraft conducting the, Pilots are cautioned that vehicular traffic not subject to control by ATC may cause momentary deviation to. The NDB transmits an omni-directional signal that is received by the 1406030812-1406050812EST . In addition to those facilities comprising the basic ATC system, the following approach and lighting aids have been included in this program for a selected runway: Approach Light System (ALS) or Short ALS (SALS). While most airways in the United States are based on VORs, NDB airways are common elsewhere, especially in the developing world and in lightly populated areas of developed countries, like the Canadian Arctic, since they can have a long range and are much less expensive to operate than VORs. Typically NDBs have output power from 25 to 125 watts for reception up to approx. Coordinates Range (nm) Aberdeen/Dyce (L) ATF 348.0 570439N 0020620W 25 Aberdeen/Dyce (N) AQ 336.0 570818N 0022417W 15 Alderney (L) ALD 383.0 494231N 0021158W 30 Insert a waypoint along the published route to assist in complying with ATC instruction, example, Descend via the WILMS arrival except cross 30north of BRUCE at/or below FL 210. This is limited only to systems that allow along-track waypoint construction. FIG ENR 4.1-1Limits of Localizer Coverage. The maximum permissible variations between the two indicated bearings is 4 degrees. In FSX, the ADF is tuned to 462.5 and all works fine. In North America, the frequency range is typically from 190 to 625 kHz, for offshore operations in the North Sea 500 to 1250 kHz and for offshore Brazil, 1500 to 1800 kHz is used. Certain propeller RPM settings or helicopter rotor speeds can cause the VOR Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) to fluctuate as much as plus or minus six degrees.

Harborough Tip Opening Times, Shamea Morton First Husband, Reeflay Girlfriend Death, Manchester, Mi Obituaries, Articles N