Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Edward VI - Wikipedia The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. PDF History Paper 2 - Elizabeth Topic 1: Early threats and the Religious Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. how significant was the catholic threat to elizabeth 1, posed by her In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. Why religious compromise was so difficult. Henry himself gave people cause . In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. The war was going badly for England. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Challenges to Elizabeth's rule - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Boston Spa, 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Elizabeth's Legitimacy | History | tutor2u "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. She was a Protestant. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. What happened to Elizabeth I in 1554? - Answers By instinct, Elizabeth was a Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. . With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. Save. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. migration? The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. LS23 6AD While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Student / Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. VAT reg no 816865400. Life of Catholics in Elizabethan era | Laws against Catholics Spain and France were the major European powers. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. 1558 -french threat. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. PPTX What problems did Elizabeth I face when she became Queen in 1558? In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558 - Dovskapets.com The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. Company Reg no: 04489574. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Challenges To Elizabeth At Home And Abroad - Learndojo.org Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. 14-16 / The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Elizabeth 1 - Foreign Policy - Revision Cards in A Level and IB History - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! West Yorkshire, Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more!

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